Since November 2010 the European Commission has been investigating whether Google’s business practices comply with European competition law. The Commission has identified four conducts that may violate Article 102 TFEU. To bring the investigation to an end, Google has offered several...

In September 2018, the European Commission sent out formal requests for information to investigate allegations of an anticompetitive conduct by Amazon. The investigation relates to the interdependencies between Amazon's third-party sales platform for retailers (“Amazon Marketplace”) and...

Having its first commercial breakthrough with ChatGPT, in 2023 artificial intelligence (AI) has rung in the fourth industrial revolution. This article outlines the technicalities and economics underlying generative AI, and what they mean for competition in digital markets and for antitrust and...