Restrictions aimed at limiting cross-border trade within the EU are prima facie unlawful, irrespective of their effects, under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. The strict legal treatment of these practices is a function of the place and role of competition law in the Treaties. It is clear from the...

This paper considers the interpretation of the substantive test laid down in Article 2 of Regulation 139/2004. It focuses on horizontal mergers in the so-called ‘gap’ cases, which would not result in the creation or the strengthening of a (single or collective) dominant position. In its...

The paper provides an overview of the enforcement activity of the Spanish competition authority in the digital economy. It explores, in particular, (i) the authority's approach to market definition and the assessment of market power; (ii) the main theories of harm developed in its decisions; and...

This article examines the meaning and scope of the notion of anticompetitive effects in EU competition law. It does so by bringing together several strands of the case law (and this across all provisions, namely Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and merger control). The analysis is structured around a...

• There is not a unique legal test in EU competition law. There is conduct that is prima facie unlawful irrespective of its effects, and conduct that is lawful. In between, some practices are prohibited where actual or likely effects can be shown.• This paper seeks to map the various tests...

This article discusses the proposals to adapt competition law to digital markets. These include substantive innovations such as the reversal of the burden of proof in certain circumstances and other measures, such as restorative remedies. The proposals, which focus on making it easier to...