Hackers account for enormous costs associated with computer intrusion in a world increasingly reliant on computer and Internet-based technologies. Within the hacker community, there are “good” hackers called white hat hackers and “bad” hackers called black hat hackers. Essentially, one...

The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and services is continuing and even being catalyzed by the COVID-19 pandemic with the number of Internet-connected devices already far exceeding the number of people on the planet, leading to widespread implications for natural and digital...

The fact that "cyber risk" is indeed a collective term for various distinct risks creates great difficulty in communications. For example, policyholders of "cyber insurance" contracts often have a limited or inaccurate understanding about the coverage that they have. To address this issue, we...

Developments in information and communications technology, infrastructure improvements and technology adoption in the last decade have significantly changed the lives of the people and provided new opportunities for consumers and businesses. It brings consumers online and familiarity and comfort...

Cybersecurity is a significant concern for businesses worldwide among management, stakeholders, and regulators. In this paper, we explore the spillover effect of customer firms’ data breaches on their upstream supplier firms’ cost management strategies, proxied by cost stickiness, a...

Cybersecurity breaches pose a substantial privacy concern in the digital era. We investigate how customers respond to privacy leakage in multiple unexpected data breaches. Difference-in-differences estimates show that digital payments declined by 4.6% ~ 7.5% relative to cash payments immediately...