Research in the field of customer discrimination has received relatively little attention even if the theory of discrimination suggests that customer discrimination may exist in the long run whereas employer and employee discrimination may not. This paper examines customer discrimination...

Sport competitions shall put athletes and spectators in situations wherein the conditions, rules and norms might be easily violated leading to aggressive confrontations and violence. This study tries to consider behavioral abnormalities among sports spectators in order to identify variables...

We examine the role of attendance in home-field advantage for Major League Baseball, using a dataset of all MLB games played from 1996 to 2005. Using two-stage least squares, we find that attendance has a significant effect on the home-field advantage. Our results indicate that a one standard...

Skin tone has been shown to impact the ability of darker-skinned individuals to maximize their earnings to potential earnings ratio. Additionally, studies of fan preference have found racial implications on team preference and ticket sales. We empirically test these theories by examining the...

We investigate the relationship between consumer discrimination, racial matching strategies, andemployer discrimination in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1985 to 2016. To this end, we assess the extent to which both fan attendance and team performance respond to changes in teams’ and their...

This paper investigates the formation of unofficial fan groups in the S.League, Singapore’s professional football league, and their fascination with the term ‘ultras’. Using data drawn from interviews with members of two unofficial fan groups in Singapore, and incorporating the...