On 27 July 2017, the European Commission adopted a decision finding that, between January 2008 and 27 July 2017, Google infringed Article 102 TFEU by positioning and displaying more favorably, its own comparison shopping service (compared to competing comparison shopping services) in the general...

With its judgment of 10th November 2021, Europe’s General Court did not just dismiss Google’s appeal against the European Commission’s Google Search (Shopping) decision, uphold the fine, tell gatekeepers “don’t be evil,” and remind everyone that Europe ensures equal opportunities....

Data being the lubricant of any interest-based advertising, control over access to data has become a central competitive factor in the advertising business; and a focal point of several antitrust investigations. The dependence of data on the part of a publisher, an advertiser or an ad tech...