We study a broad class of asset pricing models in which the stochastic discount factor (SDF) can be factorized into an observable component (e.g., a parametric function of consumption) and a potentially unobservable one (e.g., habit level or the return on total wealth). Exploiting this...

This paper evaluates the central insight of the Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model (CCAPM) that an asset's expected return is determined by its equilibrium risk to consumption. Rather than measure the risk of a portfolio by the contemporaneous covariance of its return and consumption growth...

This paper evaluates the central insight of the consumption capital asset pricing model that an asset's expected return is determined by its equilibrium risk to consumption. Rather than measure risk by the contemporaneous covariance of an asset's return and consumption growth, we measure risk by...