We examine whether they engage in income-increasing accruals manipulation (AM) or real activities earnings management (RM) to affect the future rating changes when firm managers have private information about the upcoming credit rating change. Using the large sample of U.S. data over the period...

Motivated by agency theory, we explore the effect of co-opted directors, i.e. directors appointed after the incumbent CEO assumes office, on corporate risk taking. Our results show that a higher proportion of co-opted directors on the board leads to significantly higher corporate risk-taking, as...