We use full-population data at the individual death certificate, prescribed opioid pill, and individual municipal bond level to investigate the effects of the opioid crisis on local governments. The opioid epidemic lowers credit ratings and increases new offer yields among the most affected...

The rapid development of Chinese online loan platforms (OLPs), as well as their risks, has attracted widespread attention, increasing the demand for a complete credit rating mechanism. The present study establishes a credit rating indicator system for 130 mainstream Chinese OLPs that combines 12...

Financing sources for urban construction have garnered significant attention globally. Among various financing methods, the urban construction investment bond (UCIB) is unique to China. The UCIB credit spread, which represents the compensation for credit risk, has become a focal point for...