Germany's bank-based financial system provides a high level of financial inclusion, measured by bank outreach and use of financial services. However, the most vulnerable individuals and small enterprises in Germany tend to be excluded or credit constrained. The quality of financial inclusion is...

This is the first attempt to test hypotheses about financial constraints of ethnic minority owned businesses in Germany. Using data from a survey among 3,000 ethnic and native entrepreneurs, we examine differences in the financing patterns between both demographic groups. We find that...

Für den wirtschaftlichen Aufholprozeß der neuen Bundesländer nach der Vereinigung Deutschlands spielt die Finanzierung kleiner und mittelständischer Unternehmen (KMU) eine Schlüsselrolle. Die deutschen Banken sehen sich oft dem Vorwurf ausgesetzt, bei der Kreditvergabe an diese Unternehmen...

Guarantee banks backed by the state aim to close the gap in the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises or start-ups caused by lacking collateral or equity and high information asymmetry. The present study quantifies the economic and fiscal net benefits of guarantee banks in the new...