Chapter 1: Introduction -- PART 1. Assigning responsibility: Values and institutions -- Chapter 2: Values -- Chapter 3: Institutions -- Chapter 4: Causation and responsibility -- PART 2. Reasons for limiting responsibility -- Chapter 5: Tort doctrines -- Chapter 6: Criminal doctrines -- PART 3....

Marginal deterrence concerns the incentives created by criminal penalties for offenders to refrain from committing more harmful acts. We show that when offenders act sequentially, it is often optimal for the level of the sanction, not just the expected sanction, to rise with the severity of the...