Congestion is a widely observed economic phenomenon where outputs are reduced due to excessive amount of inputs. The … previous approaches to identify congestion in nonparametric analysis only consider desirable outputs. In the production process … congestion in the presence of desirable and undesirable outputs simultaneously. The proposed approach can discriminate between …

the explanatory variable. The input congestion and slacks variables, which explain the quantity and reasons of misused …, the input congestion and slacks were determined and their reasons were discussed. In the study, the hospitals of Health … congestion were calculated. …

This paper examines three alternative methods of measuring congestion, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives … and Grosskopf’s approach generally indicates substantially more congestion than do the other procedures. The main reason … of congestion are found to be positively correlated, the correlations are not strong enough for them to be regarded as …