This note explains the equivalence between approximate rationalizability and approximate cost-rationalizability within … the context of consumer demand. In connection with these results, we interpret Afriat’s (1973) critical cost efficiency … index (CCEI) as a measure of cost (in)efficiency, in the sense that a consumer is spending more money than is required to …

, cost structure, credit quality, and stability. It also examines the difference in the response of two types of banks during … outperformed conventional banks with regard to their credit quality and stability indicators during the trough phase of the …

An obvious measure of efficiency or productivity is the ratio of output to input. When there are multiple outputs and … comparing the efficiency of organizational units data envelopment analysis (DEA) allows each unit to employ its own weights so …