Search engines can be portrayed both as champions of freedom and as agents of surveillance. By facilitating the retrieval of online data, they enable a global public to seek, receive and impart information. Where information about individuals is concerned, however, search engine services can...

Online platforms have the characteristics of a particular type of market known as ‘multi-sided'. These businesses create value by bringing advertisers and users together. Access to user data is critical to this process. On the basis of economic literature, the features of multi-sided platforms...

The fundamental right to personal data protection has been in the centre of diverse academic discussions since its enshrinement in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Meanwhile, it has also been facing an unsettled treatment within European case law. Its tight connection...