In modern production systems, customized mass production of complex products, such as automotive or white goods, is often realized at assembly lines with a high degree of manual labor. For firms that apply assembly systems, the assembly line balancing problem (ALBP) arises, which is to assign...

Assembly line balancing problems (ALBP) consist in assigning the total workload for manufacturing a product to stations of an assembly line as typically applied in automotive industry. The assignment of tasks to stations is due to restrictions which can be expressed in a precedence graph....