In experimental investigations of the effect of real incentives, accountability-the implicit or explicit expectation of a decision maker that she may have to justify her decisions in front of somebody else-is often confounded with the incentives themselves. This confounding of accountability...

We test the effect of stake size on ambiguity attitudes. Compared to a baseline condition, we find subjects to be more ambiguity seeking for small-probability gains and large-probability losses under high stakes. They are also more ambiguity averse for large-probability gains and...