individual commitment across citizens to defend democracy against a potential military coup, and it is an endogenous state … and the state. Parents invest resources in order to transmit their own political values (commitment to democracy) to their … between political regimes and political culture diffusion. Consolidated democracy emerges when sufficiently many people are …

This paper develops a new model of trade policy under dictatorship and democratization. The paper makes two … is to show how a dictatorship can manipulate trade policy to maintain its grip on power in the face of permanent world …

In this paper, we create alternative measures of political instability, which capture movements only from dictatorship … to democracy and vice versa (consistent with the recent theoretical work by Acemoglu and Robinson) but, unlike older …

democratic period, but a significant and positive effect after 1981, once Spanish democracy consolidated. In order to probe into …

Much recent political economy and political science literature views democracy in terms of political rights. This view …, often referred to as electoral democracy, is particularly pronounced in the empirical literature. We reincorporate the role … of civil liberties, which are at the core of modern democracy, in two ways. We identify four fundamental sources of …