Italy will phase electricity retail price regulation by July 1st, 2020. This is the last step in the process of electricity market liberalization, that started in 1999. Until then, residential customers and small businesses who do not choose their supplier, will be supplied under a transitional,...

Box 1 Carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade schemes -- Box 2 Institutions matter -- Box 3 The natural monopoly problem -- Figure 1 EU28's gross inland consumption of energy by source (2013, left panel) and gross electricity generation by source (2013, right panel) -- Figure 2 Transmission and...

Technical features of the electricity industry, together with the ideological climate that prevailed after World War II, led to nationalisation. Over time, it became clear that the arguments for nationalisation were unconvincing. Firstly, changes in technology led to the ability to produce...