Suppliers often prefer to offer their retailers a delay period in payment to attract more sales and promote revenue in a supply chain. The retailers usually ask their customers to pay a portion of purchasing cost when receiving the product (i.e., a downstream partial trade credit) to reduce the...

Due to evaporation, obsolescence, spoilage, etc., some products (e.g., fruits, vegetables, pharmaceuticals, volatile liquids, and others) not only deteriorate continuously but also have their expiration dates. To attract new buyers and increase sales, a seller frequently offers its buyers a...

In the traditional inventory economic order quantity (or EOQ) model, it was assumed that the customer must pay for the items as soon as the items are received. However, in practices, the supplier frequently offers a cash discount and/or a permissible delay to the customer especially when the...

In practice, in order to reduce default risks with credit-risk customers, a seller (e.g., a manufacturer or a retailer) frequently requests its credit-risk customers to pay a fraction of the purchase amount at the time of placing an order as collateral deposit, and then grants a permissible...

In the traditional inventory economic order quantity (or EOQ) model, it was assumed that the customer must pay for the items as soon as the items are received. However, in practices, the supplier frequently offers a cash discount and/or a permissible delay to the customer especially when the...