Using a large panel of official bilateral loan data for 111 borrowing countries and 78 lending countries between 1980 and 2020, the paper shows that international government borrowing from bilateral sources is a-cyclical with respect to the business cycle of the borrower but procyclical with...

Has financial liberalization improved the efficiency with which investment funds are allocated to competing uses? In this paper, we address this question using firm-level panel data from 12 developing countries. We develop a summary index of the efficiency of investment allocation that measures...

The paper shows that international government borrowing from multilateral development banks is countercyclical while international government borrowing form private sector lenders is procyclical. The countercyclicality of official lending is mostly driven by the behavior of the World Bank...

The paper shows that international government borrowing from multilateral development banks is countercyclical while international government borrowing form private sector lenders is procyclical. The countercyclicality of official lending is mostly driven by the behavior of the World Bank...

Fiscal policy is procyclical in developing countries. An ample literature has explained this fact and explored its consequences for aggregate cyclical fluctuations. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) are an important source of finance for governments and therefore play a role in the execution...

Has financial liberalization improved the efficiency with which investment funds are allocated to competing uses? In this paper, we address this question using firm level panel data from twelve developing countries. We develop a summary index of the efficiency of investment allocation that...