Several developing countries' emergency transportation systems (ETS) do not have a centralized emergency number. Instead, they have many independent ambulance providers, each with a small number of ambulances. As a result, ETS in these contexts lack coordination and ambulances. We examine three...

The World Health Organization estimates that almost a third of the world’s population still lacks access to essential medicines. The distribution network for medicines is ineffective and inefficient in many developing countries. Discussions often centre on why the medicines supply chain cannot...