As the cost of storing, sharing, and analyzing data has decreased, economic activity has become increasingly digital. But while the effects of digital technology and improved digital communication have been explored in a variety of contexts, the impact on economic activity—from consumer and...

Digital platforms have attracted unparalleled recent interest from antitrust and competition authorities. Many digital platforms are free to consumers and are supported by advertising. Given this, the question of how advertisers approach and allocate advertising matters for understanding the...

Digital technology is the representation of information in bits, reducing the costs of collecting, storing, and parsing customer data. This has led to a reduction of five costs: Search costs, replication costs, transportation costs, tracking costs, and verification costs. In this article, we...