Digital technologies have fundamentally altered the nature of organizing innovation and production leading to open collaboration ecosystems. Individuals self-organize in open, voluntary technology-enabled collectives to share their enhancements to the data or collaborate on analyzing,...

This paper examines reuse patterns in transparent multi-staged contests, in which a crowd of developers can reuse others’ designs when developing a novel digital application. They compete for the best application, one that is of high quality in both code and feature. Transparency, defined as...