Digital technologies have had and continue to have profound effects on societal life. The transformations range from the trivial to the momentous – from online shopping, through the emergence of global value chains, to the very ways we work and communicate, create, distribute and access...

The chapter seeks to provide a better understanding and contextualization of the highly dynamic field of digital trade rulemaking driven by free trade agreements (FTAs). The analytical lens is directed in particular towards the more recent and advanced models of digital trade rulemaking, such as...

The chapter explores the far-reaching effects of the digital transformation on trade and trade law. It first sketches the state of affairs under the multilateral forum of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, second, analyzes the more de- liberate regulatory responses to the challenges of...

This is a contribution to the AJIL Unbound Symposium on digital trade and international law. The essay unveils the fluidity of the topic of digital trade—both from a technological and a policy-legal perspective and addresses the questions of what “digital trade” is and more importantly how...

The digital economy and digitization in general have long been touted as environmentally sustainable alternatives to physical commercial activity. The truth is more nuanced than that. Nevertheless, a broader framing of sustainable development, as outlined in the UN Sustainable Development Goals,...

The chapter offers an insight into the highly fluid field of digital trade rule-making as a direct reaction to digital transformations. Against the backdrop of the evolution of the trade policy discourse beyond online trade in goods and services and the emergence of new digital protectionism,...