In this essay I explore the Austrian origins of European competition law in order better to understand the forces that have shaped the subsequent development of these ideas and continue to influence their operation today. Analysis of the origins of these ideas also provides a valuable...

Uncertainty has been an increasingly central theme in discussions of competition law in Europe since the beginning of “modernization” efforts in the 1990s. This may seem paradoxical, because the modernization programs – both institutional and substantive – were intended to reduce the...