The accumulated, persistent trade and economic imbalances between the south euro area (SEA) and the north euro area (NEA) countries brought about severe strains for the euro following the global financial crisis. This paper assesses alternative scenarios suggested to restore the trade imbalances...

In this paper we examine the nature of currency crises. We ascertain whether the currency crises of the European Monetary System (EMS) were based either on fundamentals, or on self-fulfilling market expectations driven by extrinsic uncertainty. In particular, we extend previous work of Jeanne...