of corruption in a nation after joining the Union has not been formally studied. Any nation that joins the European Union … potentially faces two different and opposite effects on corruption. On the one hand, there are reasons to believe that corruption … is going to decrease because of the efforts of the EU to fight corruption or because of the opening of the markets to …

tolerable level of corruption for investment (TLCI) in Africa (-0.27) over recent years. Moreover, corruption has been observed …. Secondary data from the World Development Indicators were used in this study. The frequency of the data is annual, and it is … estimated TLCIs for Europe and Asia are 0.534 and -0.735, respectively, on the control of corruption scale, which ranges from …

The destructive role of institutional quality such as corruption has been considered an important factor for economic …. This research examines the institutional role in controlling corruption within the preview of CO2 emissions-economic growth … nexus for the European Union. The study evaluates the moderating impact of corruption on the relationship between CO2 …