This paper examines the evolution of national competition (antitrust) policies and enforcement approaches vis …

To encourage private actions for damages in antitrust cases some jurisdictions subtract a fraction of the redress from …

recently all over the world. The second part traces the history of Pakistan's competition laws, introduces the contemporary …

The study analyzes the impact of European antitrust enforcement on industry performance measured as competition …, with positive and negative efficiency effects of antitrust enforcement depending on the exclusivity of the vertical …

Institute for the World Economy and at the Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) for valuable comments on … earlier versions of this paper. -- Merger control ; European competition policy ; antitrust ; enforcement problems …

authorities or NCAs) to apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU (EU antitrust law) whenever they apply national competition law to conduct … falling within the scope of EU antitrust law. Moreover, the application of national competition law cannot lead to the …

preferences that guide such antitrust prosecutions remain understudied. We empirically examine the intertemporal shifts in U ….S. antitrust cartel prosecutions during the period 1969-2013. This period has seen substantive policy innovations with increasing …

the predictive power of the optimal deterrence theory of antitrust violations in the EU. In addition, they offer insights … absolute Commission fine. Independent variables fall into four groups: the extent of the cartel’s antitrust injuries; factors … that affect the probability of detection and conviction by antitrust authorities; the size of non-EC penalties on the …