This paper uses extensive firm-level data on Europe-an and US companies from 2014-2018 to explore the short-term impacts of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on European companies' financial performance.Our empirical analysis suggests that the costs of the GDPR during the first year...

Pro-competitive forces have driven industrialised countries to converge in telecommunication market liberalisation. By 2001, the cellular mobile markets were open to competition throughout the OECD area. Only two OECD countries had a monopoly operator providing fixed-line telecommunication...