This document (of 193 pages) comprises the proceedings of an OECD roundtable on subsidies, state aid and competition policy, held at the OECD in February 2001. Government assistance to firms can have a substantial impact on competition. Competition policy naturally extends, therefore, to...

In recent decades, Community institutions have promoted most of the pro-competitive reforms in continental Europe. Liberalizations originating at the national level were seldom successful because they were blocked by arguments based on often fictitious general interest considerations (stability,...

In the early years of enforcement of antitrust and of State aid in Europe, given the integration objectives that the European Treaty pursues, fairness seemed the most natural standard to choose. In antitrust it took more than forty years to convince the Commission and the Courts of the soundness...

Margin squeezes can be evaluated under a predation or a refusal-to-deal standard. Both Carlton and Sidak argue in favor of using the predation standard. However, should the conditions for an abusive refusal to deal be satisfied, then margin squeezes should be prohibited even when prices are not...