On 4 June 2012, the European Commission adopted a draft regulation "on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market." The proposed legal framework is intended to give legal effect and mutual recognition to trust services including enhancing...

The purpose of this article is to examine the alignment of the respective data protection and privacy, consumer protection and competition law policy agendas through the lens of pre-formulated declarations of consent whereby data subjects agree to the processing of their personal data by...

The Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) is a research tool that was designed to identify potential risks to media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union. This narrative report has been produced within the framework of the first pan-European implementation of the MPM carried out in 2016,...

The study investigates competitive pressures telecom operators experience from internet-based communication services. Developments in the European market show an accelerating increase in usage of online communication services (OCS); end-users increasingly regard OCS as substitutes for...

The Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) is a research tool that is designed to identify potential risks to media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union and in Candidate Countries. This narrative report has been produced on the basis of the implementation of the MPM that was carried out...

The European media industry is an essential contributor to Europe's democratic, cultural and economic life, but it faces significant competitive and technology challenges in the digital era. In line with the European Media and Audiovisual Action Plan, DG CONNECT launched two studies setting out...

Text and data mining (TDM) is an important technique for analysing and extracting new insights and knowledge from the exponentially increasing store of digital data ('Big Data'). TDM is useful to researchers of all kinds, from historians to medical experts, and its methods are relevant to...

Because of the reliance on market analysis, current competition law may not be sufficiently fit for taking account of disruptive innovation which leads to the introduction of new products or services overthrowing existing markets. In the US, innovation has been given a more prominent place in...