With the trade conflict between the United States and China bringing China-US strategic competition into the open, the European Union faces an urgent question: how to position itself in the competition. This paper reviews the impact of the US-led trade war against China and its immediate...

Trade has always been a cornerstone of connectivity between nations around the world. However, the world order which was established after the second world war, based on the ideals of multilateralism, the rule of law, market economy and free trade, is undergoing massive shifts and facing a...

The euro was expected to make Europe stronger and more integrated. So far, it has not succeeded in this endeavour. The EMU's original design underplayed the importance of banking, fiscal and political union and failed to provide the right incentives to promote the structural reforms needed to...

Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are one of the main obstacles preventing China and the European Union from agreeing on a bilateral investment agreement (BIT). Given the benefits that both China and EU could obtain from a BIT, the question of SOEs should be addressed in the most effective...

This paper analyses empirically how increasingly close trade relations between China and Russia might affect the European Union (EU). We show that EU countries are complementary to Russia on the Chinese market. However, Chinese exports are increasingly relevant substitutes for EU exports on the...

Semiconductors are a critical input to production of information and communication technology and many other goods. The major economies want to be able to produce chips at home to avoid excessive dependence on supply chains in an increasingly unpredictable world, where trade is being compromised...