So much has been said about the exclusion of contractual terms from the unfairness test embedded in Article 4(2) of the UCT Directive by both the CJEU as well as the legal doctrine. Nonetheless, numerous national courts of different MS struggle with the interpretation and consequently proper...

This paper provides an overview of the position of consumers on the EU Digital Single Market under de lege lata and de lege ferenda EU legislation. By fulfilling the goals of the EU Digital Single Market Strategy from 2015, the European Commission has released two proposals containing harmonised...

Our planet is consumed by excessive ‘consumption' and ‘production' of goods and services. As each day goes by, these processes are rendered more and more irresponsible in terms of the manner in which they are performed. They form a vicious circle, in which, with the aim of profit increase...

An unprecedented number of consumer problems has been caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, not least with regard to refunds of prepayments and the ability of consumers to keep up their monthly payments under loan and rental agreements. Based on a notion of societal force majeure sketched in this...