In the wake of the gas crisis, in March 2022 the European Council called on the Council and the Commission to examine how ‘an aggregator model / single buyer’ could help reduce gas prices. The Council also said that Member States and the Commission would ‘work together on voluntary common...

This article studies the likely impact of unconventional gas developments in the U.S. on EU competitiveness. We find, first of all, little evidence for a prosperous unconventional gas development in Europe. Second, the U.S. boom has already a strong impact on both world and European energy...

This article studies the likely impact of unconventional gas developments in the US on EU competitiveness. We find, first of all, little evidence for a prosperous unconventional gas development in Europe. Second, the US boom has already a strong impact on both world and European energy markets....

The exploration of unconventional fossil fuels such as shale gas has started recently in Europe. Shale gas is extracted by a process of hydraulic fracturing or fracking. In this process, fracturing fluids - a mixture primarily made up of water, sand and chemicals - are injected under pressure...

Rapidly evolving technologies and services have ignited a shale gas revolution in the United States. In April 2011, an initial assessment by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) revealed that shale gas is a “global phenomenon,” and many countries want to use more natural gas to...