This paper analyses the transformation of elites in the Visegrád Four countries (namely the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia). Drawing on a process-tracing analysis, it argues that the emergence of foreign-led economies in the late 1990s was intertwined with political processes in...

This working paper presents the results of the ETUI Internet and Platform Work Survey conducted in Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Slovakia in 2018-2019. The objective is to map the extent of digital labour in central and eastern Europe (CEE). We analyse two types of online sources for...

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the different effects of the economic crisis from 2008 across all transition economies with a testable framework that relates vulnerability to specific forms of development since 1989. The key to the framework is the identification of forms of...

The world financial crisis of 2008 affected transition economies (including Eastern Europe and CIS members) in different ways depending on their previous growth patterns and forms of international integration. The sources of diversity have often been overlooked in views of transition as...

This working paper gives an overview of minimum wage policies in Central and Eastern Europe. It shows that minimum wages are an effective tool for reducing inequality by raising the lowest incomes. Minimum wages can have some, albeit limited, role in increasing aggregate productivity and...

This paper analyses the post-2008 pension reforms in Central and East European Countries. The economic crisis revealed the unresolved problems in the implementation of previous reforms: the financing of the transformation costs. The reforms thus reacted to the legacies of past choices as well as...