-democratic government, as is often observed in reality. We find that economic development has different impacts on the levels of repression … and democracy, depending on whether it appears in the form of rises in income or in education: A higher income level … reduces democracy, whereas more education leads to both more democracy and more repression. These theoretical implications are …

whether oil affects democratic institutions. We further the debate through the use of additional measures of democracy and …

This paper analyzes the utilization of repression and democratic institutions by a non-democratic government striving …, depending on whether it appears in the form of rises in income or in education: A higher income level reduces democracy, whereas … more education leads to both more democracy and more repression. These theoretical findings are corroborated by panel data …

of democracy (rather than democracy vs. non-democracy) has important consequences for the adoption of structural polices … opposed to majoritarian) and permanent (as opposed to temporary) democracy appear to produce the most growth …

We present a simple model, illustrating how democracy may improve the quality of the economic institutions. The model … further suggests that institutional quality varies more across autocracies than across democracy and that the positive effect …