provided coordination for big push growth successfully in pre-second-world-war Japan after a state-run big push failed, it is … growth, provided that first, competition between rival groups induces a sufficiently high level of coordination efficiency …, and second, conditions exist for maintaining economic openness and basic infrastructure and legal institutions. Another …

direct effect of openness on poverty reduction. The results also suggest that the impact of growth on poverty is greater for … transformation. The standard trade theory postulates that trade openness contributes to poverty alleviation directly by changing … the trade-to-grossdomestic-product ratio to measure openness often fail to find a direct effect of openness on poverty over …

Motivated by a recent World Bank report on achieving of Millennium Development Goals which shows that poverty has been …