Mass deportations and killings of Ottoman Armenians during WWI and the Greek-Turkish population exchange after the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 were the two major events of the early 20th century that permanently changed the ethno-religious landscape of Anatolia. These events marked the end of...

We show new evidence that the consequences of historical warfare for state development differ for Sub-Saharan Africa. We identify the locations of more than 1,600 conflicts in Africa, Asia, and Europe from 1400 to 1799. We find that historical warfare predicts common-interest states defined by...

This paper takes a fresh look at the current theories of structural transformation and the role ofprivate and public fundamentals in the process. It summarizes some representative past andcurrent experiences of various countries vis-a-vis structural transformation with a focus on theroles of...