Despite fundamental market reforms, the Chinese financial system has remained a mixed system. From the perspectives of the mainstream doctrines of financial liberalization, this system is easily judged to be entailing serious allocative inefficiencies. Nevertheless, from alternative theoretical...

This study reviews the empirical literature on the integration properties of energy consumption and production. The survey begins with a discussion of the implications of whether energy variables contain a unit root and proceeds to examine how results differ according to the specific unit root...