Mikhail Tugan‑Baranovsky was one of the most prolific Russian economists at the turn of the 19–20th centuries. His thought was largely influenced by Western ideas, like most of his fellow Russian economists. But Tugan‑Baranovsky’s theories in turn also influenced Western economic thought...

The Townshend–Keynes exchanges over decision making, weight of the argument (evidence), non numerical probabilities (Keynes’s term for Boole’s constituent probabilities, used in The Laws of Thought in 1854, that appears on page 163 of the A Treatise on Probability in chapter 15 on inexact...

J M Keynes stated the following on p.xii of his General Theory on December 13,1935: “I have also had much help from Mrs. Joan Robinson….who have read the whole of the proof-sheets.” (Keynes,1936, p.xii).In the course of an extensive correspondence with J. Robinson in the months of...

J. M. Keynes based the ethical foundations of the General Theory on a type of Virtue Ethics that he had learned from G. E. Moore. Keynes himself reinforced his understanding of Moore's version of Virtue ethics with extensive readings of the works of Plato and Aristotle. Keynes was one of the...

Keynes made a final reassessment of his chapter 15, Section IV simultaneous, four equation IS-LM model in Section IV of chapter 21 of the General Theory that is duplicated in his 1937 Quarterly Journal of Economics article . In his 1937 reply, his summary of the two main reasons for his...

Keynes was extremely clear in Section Four of Chapter 21 of the General Theory that his theory of the rate of interest depended on three elements -The Liquidity Preference function, the m.e.c. schedule, and the consumption function-investment multiplier. All three elements determine the rate of...

J M Keynes's supposed attack on mathematical economics is a myth created by Joan Robinson and her fellow Pseudo Keynesians, Austin Robinson and Richard Kahn, as well as by many of their supporters. Nowhere does Keynes attack mathematical economics. Of course, he does attack “pseudo...

The major error made in the history of economic thought concerning Keynes's General Theory is the false belief that he was a Marshallian who would only use partial equilibrium analysis and would NEVER use systems of simultaneous, mathematical equations .Of course, Keynes was very critical in the...

P. Samuelson showed clearly in 1952 that a mathematical economics analysis using abstract symbols can be written out in clear English(or any other language) as well.Samuelson’s assessment of the interchangeability of a correctly translated mathematical analysis into English was clearly...