This paper examines the changing status of women during the 1990s in Eastern Europe (including the former Soviet Union). The period has been one of enormous socio-economic transformation as former command economies have given way to more mixed systems, with significant changes to the means of...

This paper examines the impact of the economic transition of the 1990s on living standards in Kazakhstan and suggests ways in which the social safety net can be made more effective. There are three principal conclusions. First, over a third of the population of Kazakhstan was living below a...

This paper examines the assertion that returns to schooling increase as an economy transitions to a market environment. This claim has been difficult to assess as existing empirical evidence covers only a few countries over short time periods. A number of studies find that returns to education...