In this paper we describe the major trends in China's income inequality over the past 40 years and explain them as the outcome of four interleaved stories. The first story is a standard development story characterized by structural change, market development, labour absorption, and the Kuznets...

Using China's provincial-level panel data from 1978–2008, we examine the effects of entrepreneurship on economic growth in the context of China's transformation from a centrally planned to a market-oriented economy. We divide entrepreneurship into two types: business creation and innovation....

The paper investigates the situation of middle-income economies around the world. Since 1965, only 18 economies with a population of more than 3 million and not dependent on oil exports have made the transition to being high income. Many more have not been able to move beyond the middle-income...

Uzbekistan has been difficult to classify among the thirty-plus economies in transition during the 1990s and has posed a puzzle, because it is a slow reformer but relatively good performer. This paper argues that there is no simple Uzbek model. Uzbekistan?s economic reform process has been...

We investigate the factors affecting firms’ ability to adjust production in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. We used firm-level survey data from the enterprise survey implemented by the World Bank Group, including a standard enterprise survey (baseline) and two waves of follow-up surveys...

After becoming independent in 1991, the five Central Asian countries pursued differing transition paths from the defunct central planning. This paper analyses the connection between economic policies and performance during the 1990s and 2000s. Performance over the two decades has been determined...

Since the 1991 balance of payments crisis, India has embarked on an ambitious program of economic liberalization. Over the past decade the Indian government has introduced a series of far-reaching reforms that have transformed the once closed economy. This paper examines the policy reforms and...