This paper measures environmental efficiency (EE) and environmental productivity (EP) and analyzes differences in these across countries. It explores the macro-economic factors that could explain these differences and whether these differences can be explained by income levels and by the degree...

In the recent past, understanding and practice of sustainability in tourism are becoming increasingly important to both academicians and tourism planners. In the last two decades, the attainment of sustainable development and the protection of touristic assets have been at the forefront of...

Climate and institutions might be crucial in lowering the vagaries of climate change impacts in terms of productivity. This study measures the relationships of productivity measures adjusted for the regulation of carbon emission and institutions together with climate change throughout the world....