Although European Single Market (ESM) has been widely perceived as a model for regional integration, there continues to be considerable debate about the impact of this integration on the EU regions. Studies in this field have mainly investigated the convergence-divergence issue, while the effect...

This article provides a first step towards understanding the combined impact of energy, renewable and CO2 efficiency on countries’ overall productive performance. To this aim we employ a global-level data-set of 124 countries for the period 1990-2014. Overall, our analysis supports the idea...