Statistical methods are developed for assessing the likelihood of prejudicial bias in agent-assigned permutations, such as the ordering of candidates on an election ballot. The null hypothesis of an unbiased order assignment is represented by several forms of probabilistic exchangeability of the...

This paper examines the single most common class of ballot ordering procedures used in general elections in the U.S., which give the most advantageous ballot position to the currently-prevailing political party. An unusual variant of these procedures in the state of Wyoming allows their effects...