On 4 June 2012, the European Commission adopted a draft regulation "on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market." The proposed legal framework is intended to give legal effect and mutual recognition to trust services including enhancing...

Online media platforms have the characteristics of a particular type of market known as ‘multi-sided’. These businesses create value by bringing advertisers and users together. Access to user data is critical to this process. On the basis of economic literature, the features of multi-sided...

Online platforms have the characteristics of a particular type of market known as ‘multi-sided'. These businesses create value by bringing advertisers and users together. Access to user data is critical to this process. On the basis of economic literature, the features of multi-sided platforms...