A wide-ranging discussion of the evolution of pricing in early transportation industries, such as lighthouses, canals, and turnpikes, is presented. It shows that price discrimination was an important factor in the development of those industries, and tended to intensify with time. In order to...

Costs of communications networks are determined by the maximal capacities of those networks. On the other hand, the traffic those networks carry depends on how heavily those networks are used. Hence utilization rates and utilization patterns determine the costs of providing services, and...