The Internet revolution and the digital environment have spurred a significant amount of innovative activity that has had spillover effects on many sectors of the economy. For a growing group of countries – both developed and developing – digital goods and services have become an important...

The article explores legal adaptation in the domain of digital trade. It identifies and contextualises different and novel rules when compared to the baseline of the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article maps the developments in free trade agreements (FTAs) and pays particular...

The chapter seeks to provide a better understanding and contextualization of the highly dynamic field of digital trade rulemaking driven by free trade agreements (FTAs). The analytical lens is directed in particular towards the more recent and advanced models of digital trade rulemaking, such as...

This is a contribution to the AJIL Unbound Symposium on digital trade and international law. The essay unveils the fluidity of the topic of digital trade—both from a technological and a policy-legal perspective and addresses the questions of what “digital trade” is and more importantly how...

The chapter offers an insight into the highly fluid field of digital trade rule-making as a direct reaction to digital transformations. Against the backdrop of the evolution of the trade policy discourse beyond online trade in goods and services and the emergence of new digital protectionism,...

Digital trade is one of the very few areas of trade law, where one can observe a willingness shared by the international community to move forward and actively engage in new rule-making. The article contextualizes and explores this development by looking at the relevant e-commerce provisions in...

The chapter starts with a brief look into disruptive technologies and discusses the Internet as a discrete type of general purpose technology (GPT). It then explores the sweeping effects of digitization at different levels of the economy and on trade and trade policies. In order to understand...