In Data Envelopment Analyses (DEA) of fossil-fuel electricity generating plants, the most common input measures are installed generator capacity (as a proxy for capital), number of employees (as a proxy for labor), and BTUs of fuel (as a proxy for energy). However, these three inputs cannot be...

Fossil-fuel based electricity generation produces the largest proportion of human-related carbon pollution in the United States. Hence, fuel choices by steam plants are key determinants of the industry's impact on national and global greenhouse gas emissions, and key foci for climate change...