In the age of automation, trading and market making is about estimating the fair price of automated trading system research and development projects. This requires a new methodology to arrive at such a fair price. A real options framework is a natural choice. In this paper we review a...

Extreme events in financial markets can arise from fundamental information, but they can also arise from latent hazards embedded in the market design. This is systemic risk and somebody bears this risk. These events add to risk and their probability and severity must be accounted for by market...