This paper develops and tests a model of parental punishment and child development that emphasizes the role of punishment as a communication channel from the parent to the child. The model mechanism is verified using an experimental data and tested using an observational data. In the model, the...

While it is well known that there are systematic birth order effects on life cycle outcomes, there is less consensus about underlying channels and mechanisms of birth order effects. We ftnd negative birth order effects among Chinese adolescents, favoring earlier-born children within household in...